During public health emergencies (PHEs) involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear threats or emerging infectious diseases, medical countermeasures (MCMs) (e.g., drugs, vaccines, devices) may need to be dispensed or administered to affected populations to help mitigate the human health impact of the threat. The optimal MCMs determined for use during an emergency might be U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved but used in unapproved ways (e.g., in a new age group or against a new agent); FDA approved using animal models because human efficacy testing is not ethical or feasible; or not yet FDA approved for any indication. As part of the United States' scientific and research preparedness enterprise, there is an imperative to go "beyond the last mile" of MCM dispensing and administration to build and maintain a national capability to monitor and assess the use of MCMs (e.g., safety, compliance, clinical benefit) after they have been dispensed during PHEs. To further the discussion on this need, the Board on Health Sciences Policy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a 2-day public workshop, Building a National Capability to Monitor and Assess Medical Countermeasure Use in Response to Public Health Emergencies. The workshop, sponsored by FDA, was held on June 6?7, 2017, in Washington, DC. Workshop participants discussed the roles and efforts of the federal government and of relevant stakeholders with an interest in building and maintaining a national PHE MCM active monitoring and assessment capability. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Setting the Stage: Defining Terminologies and Sharing Stakeholder Perspectives 3 Data Needs, Data Sources, and Collection Methodologies for Stakeholder Decision Making 4 Considerations for Conducting Rapid Clinical Research on MCMs During a PHE 5 Inspiring Collective Action: Perspectives from Federal Stakeholders and Reflections from Individual Workshop Participants Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Moderators

As the United States continues to adapt to a more digital, mobile, and interconnected world, health care and public health professionals have sought to better prepare for and respond to long-standing and emerging threats to the nation's health security. Health security is the collective effort to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the health consequences of natural, man-made, and technological disasters. Although substantial progress has been made in the past 15 years toward improving health care and public health systems and capacities for health security threats, many complex challenges persist, and often the nation's preparedness efforts are not sufficient. On March 8?9, 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Disasters and Emergencies hosted a two-day public workshop to acknowledge these persistent issues; to evaluate past, and perhaps inadequate, approaches to addressing them; and to discuss intentional and innovative new solutions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Overview of Health Security Threats and Programs 3 Proposed Priorities and Persistent Challenges Related to Health Security 4 Underlying Issues in Health Security 5 Potential Strategies for Strengthening the Nation's Health Security 6 Future Opportunities References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Statement of Task Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Moderators

Countering violent extremism consists of various prevention and intervention approaches to increase the resilience of communities and individuals to radicalization toward violent extremism, to provide nonviolent avenues for expressing grievances, and to educate communities about the threat of recruitment and radicalization to violence. To explore the application of health approaches in community-level strategies to countering violent extremism and radicalization, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a public workshop in September 2016. Participants explored the evolving threat of violent extremism and radicalization within communities across America, traditional versus health-centered approaches to countering violent extremism and radicalization, and opportunities for cross-sector and interdisciplinary collaboration and learning among domestic and international stakeholders and organizations. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Overview 2 Understanding Violent Extremism 3 Contemporary Approaches to Countering Violent Extremism 4 The Challenges and Opportunities of Countering Violent Extremism 5 Applying Public Health Models and Approaches to Countering Violent Extremism 6 Ways Forward in Countering Violent Extremism References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Workshop Statement of Task Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and Moderators